1、 Legal issues
IVF technology is a modern scientific and technological achievement, which involves a series of legal issues in its application. First, IVF needs to rely on doctors and expert teams to operate, so the legality and qualification of medical institutions have become the focus of legal attention. The laws of different countries have different requirements for the approval and licensing of medical institutions, so hospitals for IVF need to be legal and compliant. For example, China's public hospitals, private hospitals and some internationally renowned obstetric and gynecological hospitals (such as Ruijin Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University) all provide IVF services and have relevant qualifications.
Secondly, IVF involves the confirmation of parent-child relationship and the recognition of legal effect. The confirmation of parent-child relationship is of great significance to children's legal inheritance right and legal identity. Different countries have different ways and procedures to confirm parent-child relationship. In the United States, for example, the parents of test tube babies need to sign legal documents provided by legal institutions to legally transfer the rights of biological parents to buyers.
In addition, IVF technology has also aroused the attention of legal issues such as child welfare and human rights. IVF babies may have risks during medical treatment and childbirth, and children's rights and interests need special protection. Therefore, some countries have formulated relevant laws to protect the rights and interests of IVF, such as strictly regulating the medical operation process and rights protection mechanism of IVF.
2、 Moral issues
IVF singleton involves many moral considerations. The first is the respect for life and social ethics. Test tube baby technology has made it possible to have a single pregnancy, thus reducing the risk of multiple pregnancy and the ethical and medical problems. The IVF program needs to select embryos, which has triggered ethical disputes such as gender selection and genetic optimization.
The second is the consideration of reproductive rights and moral responsibilities. IVF technology makes it possible for couples who cannot conceive naturally to have children, but it also raises the moral issue that they should take more responsibility for the health and development of their children.
In addition, IVF technology has brought about changes in social values and concepts. In traditional ideas, childbearing is often related to natural reproduction and emotional needs. However, the emergence of IVF technology has linked fertility with science and technology, triggered people's thinking about the purpose and effect of fertility, and also intensified social concerns about family ethics and human nature.
3、 Medical ethics
In vitro single birth is related to medical ethics. The first is to respect patients' medical options. IVF technology requires the full participation of doctors and expert teams, who need to respect the choice and decision-making power of patients and provide comprehensive and objective advice and opinions.
The second is the balance between medical risks and effects. There may be certain medical risks during IVF, including the safety of patients and embryos. Doctors and expert teams need to comprehensively assess the patient's physical condition and medical effect to ensure the safety and success rate of the operation.
In addition, the allocation of medical resources for IVF technology has also triggered a controversy on medical ethics. Due to the high cost of IVF technology and the requirements for professionals, medical resources are unevenly distributed. Some people worry that this technology may exacerbate social inequality and waste of resources.
4、 Social impact issues
The emergence of IVF singleton has had a broad impact on society. The first is the change of population structure and fertility model. IVF technology enables infertile couples to achieve their fertility aspirations, which has had an impact on population structure and fertility patterns. The introduction of IVF technology may lead to the postponement of childbearing age and population aging.
The second is the change of family structure and parent-child relationship. IVF technology has provided the possibility of childbearing for single people, gay couples and other groups, thus having an impact on the traditional family structure and parent-child relationship. This has brought new challenges to family ethics and social identity.
To sum up, IVF singleton involves not only legal issues, including the qualification of medical institutions, the recognition of parent-child relationship and the protection of children's rights and interests, but also various aspects of morality, medical ethics and social impact. While promoting technological progress, we need to comprehensively weigh these issues to ensure the legal compliance and ethical feasibility of IVF technology.
